Bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral guiada por ultrasonido para fractura del tercio medio clavicular: una serie de casos / Ultrasound-guided clavipectoral fascia plane block for middle third clavicular fracture: A case series

Antecedentes y objetivo: El bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral se ha descrito como una estrategia anestésica y analgésica para la cirugía de osteosíntesis de las fracturas del tercio medio clavicular. Pero, hasta el momento, solo hay publicados casos aislados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia anestésica y analgésica de este nuevo abordaje en cirugía de fractura de tercio medio clavicular en una amplia serie de casos. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, de 50 pacientes intervenidos para osteosíntesis de fractura de tercio medio clavicular mediante un bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral asociado a un bloqueo del nervio supraclavicular. Como objetivo primario se evaluó el dolor mediante escala visual análoga en el postoperatorio inmediato y a las 6-12-24h. Como objetivos secundarios se midieron el grado de sedación intraoperatorio, el consumo de morfínicos perioperatorio, la necesidad de analgesia de rescate, la anestesia general no planificada, la presencia de bloqueo motor y sensitivo, y el diagnóstico de parálisis diafragmática. Resultados: El dolor postoperatorio fue de 1,04 (DE=1,26) en el postoperatorio inmediato; 1,24 (DE=1,42) a las 6h; 1,34 (DE=1,92) a las 12h, y 0,96 (DE=1,29) a las 24h. La dosis total de fentanilo intraoperatorio promedio fue de 0,88μg/kg. Durante el postoperatorio, 9 pacientes (18%) solicitaron analgesia de rescate. No hubo reconversiones a anestesia general, ni se objetivaron bloqueo motor o sensitivo de la extremidad superior ni parálisis diafragmática. Conclusiones: Nuestra serie apoya la eficacia anestésica y analgésica del bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral para la osteosíntesis de fracturas de tercio medio clavicular.(AU)

Background and objective: Clavipectoral fascia plane block has been described as an anaesthetic and analgesic strategy for osteosynthesis of midclavicular fractures. However, to date, only isolated cases have been published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anaesthetic and analgesic efficacy of this new approach in midclavicular fracture surgery in a large case series. Material and methods: Descriptive, observational study of 50 patients undergoing osteosynthesis of middle third clavicular fracture who received clavipectoral fascia plane block associated with supraclavicular nerve block. The primary objective was to assess pain on a visual analog scale in the immediate postoperative period, and at 6, 12 and 24h. Secondary objectives were to determine the degree of intraoperative sedation, perioperative morphine consumption, need for rescue analgesia, unplanned general anaesthesia, presence of motor and sensory blockade, and diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis. Results: Postoperative pain was 1.04 (SD=1.26) in the immediate postoperative period; 1.24 (SD=1.42) at 6h; 1.34 (SD=1.92) at 12h, and 0.96 (SD=1.29) at 24h. Mean total intraoperative fentanyl dose was 0.88μg/kg. Postoperatively, 9 patients (18%) requested rescue analgesia. There were no conversions to general anaesthesia, no motor or sensory blockade of upper extremities, and no hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. Conclusions: Our series supports the anaesthetic and analgesic efficacy of clavipectoral fascia plane block for osteosynthesis of midclavicular fractures.(AU)

Tratamento de oclusão arterial em membro superior causada por costela cervical / Treatment of upper limb arterial occlusion caused by a cervical rib

Resumo A síndrome da costela cervical ocorre quando o triângulo intercostoescalênico é ocupado por uma costela cervical, deslocando o plexo braquial e a artéria subclávia anteriormente, o que pode gerar dor e espasmo muscular. O objetivo deste estudo é discutir sobre o diagnóstico da síndrome da costela cervical e as possibilidades de tratamento. Este desafio terapêutico descreve a condução clínica e cirúrgica de uma paciente de 37 anos com obstrução arterial em membro superior causada por costela cervical.

Abstract The cervical rib syndrome occurs when the interscalene triangle is occupied by a cervical rib, displacing the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery forward, which can cause pain and muscle spasms. The objective of this study is to discuss diagnosis of the cervical rib syndrome and treatment possibilities. This therapeutic challenge describes clinical and surgical management of a 37-year-old female patient with upper limb arterial occlusion caused by a cervical rib.

Consideraciones para el examen clínico del síndrome de opérculo torácico neurogénico inespecífico / Considerations for clinical examination of nonspecific neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome

El síndrome del opérculo torácico (SOT) es una condición causada por la compresión de las estructuras neurovasculares en su paso entre cuello y tórax. Se clasifica en vascular y neurogénico. Si las pruebas electrofisiológicas no son positivas, se subclasifica como neurogénico inespecífico. Este último constituye entre el 95 y el 98 % de los casos, pero aún no están claros sus criterios diagnósticos. En el presente artículo se revisan los principales aspectos a tener en cuenta durante el examen clínico para guiar el diagnóstico de los pacientes con SOT neurogénico inespecífico, como sintomatología, factores desencadenantes, diagnóstico diferencial, escalas de valoración y factores psicosociales

Thoracic outlet syndrome (SOT) is a controversial condition to this day, caused by compression of neurovascular structures in their passage between the neck and thorax. It is classified as vascular and neurogenic. If the electrophysiological tests are not positive it is subclassified as nonspecific neurogenic. This is between 95-98 % of cases, but its diagnostic criteria are not yet clear. The main aspects to be taken into account during the clinical examination are reviewed to guide the diagnosis of patients with nonspecific neurogenic SOT, such as symptoms, triggers, differential diagnosis, assessment scales and psychosocial factors

Síndrome del opérculo torácico en adolescentes: serie de casos / Thoracic outlet syndrome in adolescents: a case series

OBJETIVO: El síndrome del opérculo torácico (SOT) está causado por una compresión del plexo braquial y vasos subclavios en su paso hacia la extremidad superior. Patología típica de mujeres entre 20 y 50 años, que es infrecuente diagnosticar en niños. Presentamos nuestros resultados en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del SOT pediátrico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticados de SOT entre diciembre de 2017 y junio de 2018. Se analizaron variables clínicas, radiológicas, quirúrgicas y de evolución. RESULTADOS: Cinco SOT fueron diagnosticados en cuatro pacientes, uno de ellos bilateral. La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 12,5 años (7-15) y hubo una demora en el diagnóstico de 153 días (10-360). SOT venoso (3) y neurológico (2). Presentaron dolor (5/5), edema (4/5), hipoestesia (3/5), disminución de fuerza (3/5) y dolor cervical (2/5). Una paciente presentaba dolor asociado al deporte. El estudio neurofisiológico fue normal en tres casos. Dos pacientes presentaron anomalías óseas por TAC. Se realizaron tres intervenciones quirúrgicas en dos pacientes por abordaje supraclavicular realizando resección de la primera costilla anómala y escalenectomía. Una paciente rechazó la intervención y en otra se mantuvo en una actitud expectante sin reaparición de los síntomas. Seguimiento posoperatorio de 9 meses (6-12) con mejoría progresivas de los síntomas. CONCLUSIÓN: El SOT puede darse en adolescentes, siendo el dolor y edema de la extremidad superior lo más específico. Se recomienda la realización de pruebas de imagen para detectar estructuras anatómicas anómalas. El abordaje supraclavicular se presenta como una técnica segura y eficaz en la descompresión del desfiladero torácico

OBJECTIVE: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is caused by a compression of the brachial plexus and the subclavian vessels in their passage to the upper limb. It mostly occurs in women aged 20-50, so it is infrequent in children. We present our results in the diagnosis and management of pediatric TOS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with TOS between December 2017 and June 2018. Clinical, radiological, surgical, and evolution variables were assessed. RESULTS: Five TOS were diagnosed in 4 patients - one TOS was bilateral. Mean age at diagnosis was 12.5 years (7-15), and there was a delay in diagnosis of 153 days (10-36). TOS was either venous (3) or neurogenic (2). Patients presented with pain (5/5), edema (4/5), hypoesthesia (3/5), decreased strength (3/5), and cervical pain (2/5). One patient presented with sport-related pain. Neurophysiological study was normal in three cases. Two patients presented bone anomalies at CT-scan. Three surgeries were performed in two patients using the supraclavicular approach with resection of the anomalous first rib and scalenectomy. One patient refused surgery, and another patient remained expectant without reappearance of symptoms. Postoperative follow-up was 9 months (6-12), with progressive improvement of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: TOS may occur in adolescents in the form of upper limb pain and edema. Imaging tests are recommended to detect abnormal anatomical structures. The supraclavicular approach represents a safe and effective technique in decompressing the thoracic outlet

Costilla accesoria cervical como causa de síndrome de apertura torácica superior. Nuestra experiencia de los últimos diez años / Cervical accessory rib, as a cause of thoracic oulet syndrome (tos): our experience of the last ten years

El síndrome de apertura torácica superior por costilla cervical, es una patología no muy frecuente, ocasionada por la persistencia después del nacimiento de la última costilla cervical que debería haberse reabsorbido. La patología que origina, es comprensiva de las estructuras vecinas en especial nerviosas, pero también vasculares. Se manifiesta en pacientes jóvenes después de la adolescencia con una especial incidencia en el sexo femenino. El diagnóstico es sencillo si se piensa en esta causa como la etiológica del síndrome, con la realización de una simple radiografía de base de cuello para evidenciar su presencia, aunque es posible realizar otras complementarias. El tratamiento es la simple extirpación de la costilla que en la mayoría de las ocasiones resuelve el cuadro clínico. Se analiza en la publicación la experiencia de nuestro servicio hospitalario en los últimos diez años, analizando aspectos demográficos, diagnósticos, terapéuticos y los resultados obtenidos

The syndrome of superior thoracic opening due to cervical rib is a not very frequent pathology, caused by the persistence after birth of the last cervical rib that should have been reabsorbed. The pathology that it originates is comprehensive of neighboring structures, especially nervous, but also vascular. It manifests itself in young patients after adolescence with a special incidence in the female sex. The diagnosis is simple if we think of this cause as the etiological cause of the syndrome, with a simple neck base X-ray to show its presence, although it is possible to perform other complementary ones. Treatment is the simple removal of the rib, which in most cases resolves the clinical picture. The experience of our Hospital Vascular Service in the last ten years is analyzed in the publication, analyzing demographic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects and the results obtained

Síndromes compresivos vasculares: un desafío diagnóstico / Vascular Compressive Syndromes: A Challenge Diagnosis

Resumen Los síndromes de compresión vascular constituyen un grupo de patologías poco frecuentes con prevalencia incierta, no solo por el desconocimiento que se tiene de estos, sino también por su presentación clínica inespecífica. Eso conlleva a que sean infradiagnosticados o detectados en etapas tardías, con secuelas a largo plazo. Su fisiopatología y clínica dependen del tipo de vaso comprometido, el sitio anatómico afectado y la causa subyacente que lo esté produciendo. La anamnesis, el examen físico dirigido y el uso de métodos complementarios como la ultrasonografía Doppler y la angiografía por tomografía computarizada (ATC) o angiografía por resonancia magnética (ARM), son herramientas vitales para su correcto diagnóstico, planificación terapéutica y seguimiento.

Abstract Vascular compression syndromes constitute a group of rare pathologies with uncertain prevalence not only because of their unawareness, but also for its nonspecific clinical presentation. This leads to their underdiagnosis, or detection in late stages with long-term sequelae. Its pathophysiology and presentation depends on the type of vessel involved, the affected anatomical site and the underlying cause producing it. Clinical history, physical examination and use of complementary methods such as Doppler ultrasonography, Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) or Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), are essential tools for its proper diagnosis, therapeutic planning and follow-up.

Síndrome de la costilla deslizante. Serie de 4 casos clínicos / No disponible

Introducción: El síndrome de costilla deslizante (SCD) es una entidad poco frecuente en niños. Se cree que su causa es una debilidad en los ligamentos costales que permite una hipermovilidad de las costillas. Genera un dolor intermitente en la región baja del tórax o alta del abdomen que puede afectar a las actividades de la vida diaria o generar un dolor crónico. Material y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de SCD entre octubre de 2012 y diciembre de 2017. Se recogió información acerca de los datos demográficos, síntomas, estudios de imagen, hallazgos intraoperatorios, material fotográfico y seguimiento a largo plazo. Resultados: Durante este periodo, 4 pacientes fueron diagnosticados de SCD. La mediana de edad al diagnóstico fue de 13 años (12-15 años) con una duración previa de los síntomas de 13 meses (12-36 meses). En 2 pacientes se asoció una dismorfia costal (DC). El diagnóstico fue clínico con confirmación ecográfica. Se realizó resección de los cartílagos afectos en 3 pacientes con un seguimiento posterior de 6 meses (3-30 meses). Actualmente se encuentran sin dolor y con un resultado estético satisfactorio. Un paciente rechazó la intervención. Conclusiones: El SCD aparece en pacientes preadolescentes que en algunos casos asocian DC. Una exploración física y ecografía enfocada son las claves para un diagnóstico certero. La resección de cartílagos es efectiva a largo plazo

Aim of the study: The slipping rib syndrome (SRS) is an unknown pathology for the pediatric surgeon due to its low incidence in children. The weakness of the costal ligaments allowing an area of rib hypermobility has been postulated recently as the main etiology. It produces an intermittent pain in the lower thorax or upper abdomen that can affect to the daily activities and can be the origin of unspecific chronic pain. Methods: A retrospective review of patients diagnosed with SRS between october 2012 and march 2017 was performed. Data of demographics, symptoms, imaging studies, surgical findings and long-term follow-up were collected. Results: During this period, 4 patients were diagnosed with SRS. Median age at diagnosis was 13 years (12-15 years) with a mean duration of symptoms of 13 months (12-36 months). In 2 patients the SRS was associated with Costal Dysmorphia (CD). The initial diagnosis was clinical with posterior ultrasound confirmation. Resection of the affected cartilages was performed in 3 patients and after a follow-up of 6 months (3-30 months), they all are painless and refer a good cosmetic result. One patient refused the intervention. Conclusions: The SRS is an infrequent cause of thoracic pain with an etiology not well understood. The awareness of this disease and its typical presentation can avoid unnecessary studies. The resection of the affected cartilages is a safe and effective treatment

Claviculectomía total como procedimiento de rescate: Reporte de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Total claviculectomy as a rescue procedure. Case report and literature review

La seudoartrosis de clavícula es una causa infrecuente de síndrome del opérculo torácico. Se describe un caso de plexopatía braquial por seudoartrosis previamente infectada de clavícula. La paciente fue sometida a una claviculectomía total para aliviar los síntomas. Del análisis de la literatura citada, se concluye en que la claviculectomía total es una opción por considerar si se han agotado las opciones terapéuticas. Los resultados funcionales pueden ser satisfactorios cuando se la indica por infección, plexopatía o sarcoma. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Clavicle non-union is an uncommon cause of thoracic outlet syndrome. A case of brachial plexopathy by previously infected clavicle pseudarthrosis is described. Total claviculectomy was performed for symptom relief. From literature analysis we conclude that total claviculectomy is an option to be taken into account when therapeutic options have exhausted. Functional results could be adequate when total claviculectomy is indicated in cases of infection, plexopathy or sarcoma. Level of Evidence: IV

Modified Interscalene Approach for Resection of Symptomatic Cervical Rib: Anatomic Review and Clinical Study.

BACKGROUND: Cervical ribs have been reported to be present in about 0.5% of the general population, 10% of patients with cervical rib who are symptomatic usually have neurogenic symptoms, but some have arterial symptoms. In 1861, Coote was the first to excise a cervical rib through a supraclavicular approach and relieved the symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we address the efficacy and safety of a modification to the supraclavicular approach for resection of symptomatic cervical ribs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The surgical team in collaboration with an anatomist performed cadaveric dissections of the posterior triangle of the neck in the Department of Anatomy, Ain Shams University. A prospective study was performed of 25 patients with moderate to severe neck or upper limb pain; this pain was resistant to medical treatment for at least 6 months. Preoperative cervical radiography showed cervical ribs. Pain was assessed by using the visual analog scale. Electrophysiologic tests were performed to confirm the diagnosis. In this study, we performed a modified supraclavicular interscalene approach with resection of the symptomatic rib and without resecting either of the scalene muscles or the first thoracic rib. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were included in this study; the mean age was 36 years (± 12 standard deviation), and the mean follow-up period was 12.3 months. All patients had moderate (28%) to severe (72%) preoperative pain. Motor deficits were present in 6 cases (24%); Sensory manifestations were present in 80%. All patients had a relief of severe pain at the first postoperative visit in the first week. There were improvements in the motor power in 5 of the 6 patients who had preoperative motor deficit. CONCLUSIONS: A modified supraclavicular interscalene approach for resection of symptomatic cervical ribs has been shown to be effective in the treatment of neuralgic pain. Compared with other approaches, it proved to be less invasive, with small transverse incision and without resection of scalenus anterior muscle.

The prevalence of cervical ribs in Enugu, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Cervical rib is an important cause of nontraumatic thoracic outlet neurovascular compression. This study was undertaken as there is no known documented report on its prevalence in the study environment. AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of cervical ribs and its variation with sex and age among patients presenting at radiological facilities for a chest radiograph. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation of plain posterior-anterior view chest radiographs done in radiological facilities in Enugu, Southeast, Nigeria. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Evaluated in this study were all 6571 chest radiographs consecutively obtained between 2009 and 2012 in three randomly selected radiological facilities in Enugu. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: SPSS version 17 software was used in data analysis. Chi-square and student t-tests were used to test for the significance of findings at 95% confidence level. RESULTS: This study reports the overall prevalence of cervical ribs as 48 (0.7%) with a significantly higher rate in females 43 (1.1%) when compared to males 5 (0.2%) (P = 0.000). In 27 (0.4%) cases, the cervical ribs were bilateral; whereas in 21 (0.3%) cases, they were unilateral with 8 (0.1%) on the left and 13 (0.2%) on the right. There was no age-related variability with prevalence (P = -0.813). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cervical rib in the study population is low and within the known range as seen in other geographical regions of Nigeria.

Reporte de Caso Clínico y discusión de tema: Síndrome del opérculo Torßcico / Descrição do caso clínico e discussão do tema: síndrome do desfiladeiro torßcico / Report and discussion of a study case: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Introdución: El síndrome del Opérculo Torßcico (SOT) es un grupo heterogéneo y potencialmente disfuncional de síndromes relacionados con compresión extrínseca de estructuras neurovasculares a su paso, desde el cuello hacia el miembro superior, por diferentes estructuras anatómicas congénitas o adquiridas, siendo mßs frecuente la compresión neurológica, ocasionando una variedad de sintomatología que varía según grado de compresión y estructura afectada, que en algunos casos hacen difícil su diagnóstico. Es una entidad mal diagnosticada teniendo en cuenta que no hay criterios diagnósticos establecidos; por eso, el examen físico es primordial para su sospecha clínica. El tratamiento inicial es conservador, siendo el tratamiento quirúrgico, una opción con múltiples procedimientos personalizados para cada tipo de paciente, según etiología. Objetivo: El propósito del artículo es realizar una discusión del caso clínico basada en la evidencia, para permitir un conocimiento general de esta patología, y comprender que hace parte de las causas de dolor en miembro superior, para así orientar al profesional de la salud a realizar un diagnóstico oportuno y un tratamiento efectivo que disminuya el riesgo de complicaciones irreversibles.

Introduction: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - TOS - is a heterogeneous and potentially dysfunctional group of syndromes related to extrinsic compression of neurovascular structures from the neck to the upper limb for different congenital or acquired anatomical structures, being more frequent the neurological compression, causing a variety of symptoms that vary according to the degree of compression and affected structure that in some cases make it difficult to diagnose. Due to the lack of established diagnostic criteria, the physical exam is the most important element used to formulate a diagnosis. The initial treatment is conservative. The surgical treatment becomes an option with multiple personalized procedures for each type of patient according to the etiology. Objective: The purpose of the article is to discuss the clinical case based on the evidence allowing general knowledge of that pathology, and understanding the causes of pain in the upper limb, to therefore guide medical staff to perform a timely diagnosis and effective treatment that decreases the risk of irreversible complications.

Introdução: A Síndrome do desfiladeiro Toraxico (SOT) é um grupo heterogéneo e potencialmente disfuncional de síndromes relacionadas à compressão extrínseca de estruturas neurovasculares da passagem do pescoço para o membro superior por diferentes estruturas anatômicas congênitas ou adquiridas, sendo a compressão neurológica mais frequente, sua varieda sintomatología depende do grau de compressão e da estrutura afectada, o que em alguns casos podem dificultar o seu diagnóstico. É uma doença mal diagnosticada porque não hß criterios estabelecidos para o diagnóstico; por esta razão o exame físico é fundamental na suspeita clínica. O tratamento inicial é conservador, sendo a opção cirúrgico uma intervenção com múltiplos procedimentos personalizados acordo com a etiologia do paciente. Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma discussão do caso clínico com base em provas, que permita um conhecimento geral da doença, e entender que faz parte das causas de dor no membro superior permitindo orientar o profissional de saúde a fazer um diagnóstico oportuno e um tratamento eficaz a fim de reduzir o risco de complicações irreversíveis. (au)

Síndrome de la costilla deslizante. Tratamiento agresivo pero eficaz / Slipping rib syndrome. An aggressive but effective treatment

El síndrome de la costilla deslizante (SCD) es una entidad infrecuente, que exige un diagnóstico diferencial preciso incluyendo patología digestiva, cardiaca, respiratoria, infecciosa y músculo-esquelética torácica o abdominal. Se presenta el caso de dos niñas, en edad puberal, con dolor torácico incapacitante de varios meses de evolución y sin antecedente traumático. En la exploración existía un punto de dolor a la palpación de la parrilla costal y la 'maniobra del gancho' era dolorosa. Se realizó una resección de los cartílagos costales, respetando el pericondrio. La evolución tras uno y cuatro años de seguimiento, fue satisfactoria sin complicaciones y con resolución inmediata de la sintomatología. La cirugía de resección costal parece una opción muy agresiva, aunque con resultados muy satisfactorios. Un abordaje mínimamente invasivo podría ser mejor opción a considerar en el futuro (AU)

Slipping rib syndrome (SRS) is an unusual cause of recurrent chest or abdominal pain in children. The diagnosis is elusive, including gastroenterological, cardiac, respiratory, infectious and chest or abdominal muscular pathologies. Two paediatric patients were diagnosed with SRS, both of them were female teenagers with a similar clinical pattern: crippling unilateral chest pain without a traumatic event. On physical examination, all patients had reproducible pain with the 'hooking maneuver'. Surgical excision of the costal cartilages was done, preserving the perichondrium. No complications were reported. In both cases we achieve an excellent outcome after one and four years of follow-up, resolving the symptoms completely. The surgical excision of the costal cartilages seems to be an aggressive option but with an excellent outcome. A minimum invasive approach could be a better option in the future (AU)

Síndrome opercular anterior epiléptico en un adulto / Epileptic opercular syndrome in an adult patient

No disponible

Relevance of bone anomalies in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Skeletal anomalies are recognized as potential causes of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS); however, there is a paucity of information regarding the specific bone anomalies associated with TOS and their relative incidence among the different clinical types of TOS. This study describes the prevalence of bone anomalies in a population with TOS. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of the clinical records and imaging studies of all patients who were surgically treated at our institution for TOS between 1991-2011 was conducted. A descriptive analysis of the cohort of patients with associated bone anomalies was performed and compared with the cohort of patients without bone anomalies. RESULTS: During the study period, 400 patients underwent operative procedures for TOS. Of these, 115 (29%) harbored a bone anomaly and the remaining 285 did not. The bone anomalies included 80 (69%) cervical ribs, 25 (22%) clavicular anomalies, and 10 (9%) isolated first rib aberrations. Ninety (78%) of the bone anomalies were congenital, while 25 (22%) were posttraumatic. The bone anomaly cohort was predominantly female (76%), with an average age of 36 years. The distribution of neurogenic, arterial, and venous types of TOS in the cohort with bone anomalies was 63%, 33%, and 4%, respectively, while it was 51% neurogenic, 11% arterial, and 38% venous in the cohort without bone anomalies. These distributions were significantly different (chi-squared: 56.75; P < 0.0001). The likelihood of neurogenic compression was roughly equivalent between the 2 cohorts (odds ratio [OR]: 1.6; P = 0.03), while the likelihood of arterial compression was much higher in the presence of a bone anomaly (OR: 4.0; P < 0.001) and the likelihood of venous compression was much lower in the presence of bone anomaly (OR: 0.07; P < 0.001). Conversely, 33% of all neurogenic TOS cases, 54% of all arterial TOS cases, and 4% of all venous TOS cases were associated with a bone anomaly. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, the incidence of bone anomalies among patients treated for TOS was 29%, which is higher than previously reported. Cervical ribs were present in 20% of our patients with TOS, an estimated 40 times higher prevalence than that in the general population. However, acquired clavicular deformities and isolated abnormal first ribs were found in 9% of our patients, accounting for almost one-third of all bone anomalies present in this TOS population. The incidence of bone anomalies is rather different among the subtypes of TOS. The strongest association with the presence of a bone anomaly occurs in patients with arterial TOS, although 46% of all our arterial TOS cases did not have a bone anomaly. The presence of bone anomalies does not seem to influence the occurrence of neurogenic TOS, while venous TOS likely has no association with congenital bone anomalies, but occasionally mid and medial clavicular fracture calluses may cause venous TOS.